biotechnology notes class 12 pdf

Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Can be withdrawn anytime by giving notice. The manager cannot escape from the responsibility for any default or mistake on the part of his subordinates. Violations of rules may lead to penalities and punishments. Specialization: Better decision of labour takes place which results in specialization of functions and its consequent benefits. 3. Out of these, at least 60% of them should have normal size and shape and at least 40% should show vigorous motility. It is the thick middle layer that is made up of smooth muscle. X is. It undergoes periodic changes during the menstrual cycle. The levels of this hormone increase mainly at puberty. Students can clear their doubts by reading the Class 12 Biology notes given on Vedantu website and on the Vedantu app. Qualifications, experience, ability and aptitudes of people should be matched with duties. The only difference in the NCERT Class 12 textbook for Biology is the language of the content provided in the book. In class 12 exams, many questions come from books published by NCERT. The names are Sexual Reproduction, Reproductive Health, Human Reproduction in Flowering Plants, Principles of Inheritance and Variation, Evolution, Human Health and Disease, Reproduction in Organisms, Strategies for Enhancement in Food Production, Molecular Basis of Inheritance. (b) The Roman numbers after name show the order in which the enzymes were isolated from the bacterial strain. Download revision notes for Organizing class 12 Notes and score high in exams. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes CBSE Notes for Class 12 Biology CBSE NotesCBSE Notes BiologyNCERT Solutions Biology Principles of Biotechnology and Tools of Recombination DNA Technology: 1. According to Allen, Decentralisation refers to systematic efforts to delegate to the lowest level, all authority except the one which can be exercised at central points.. The content is well-researched and compiled into an easily readable format for the benefit of students. You must go through class 12 Biology chapter 3 notes by heart clear all your doubts. In some women, the hymen can continue even after coitus so it shows that the presence or absence of a hymen is not a reliable indication of virginity or sexual experience. Jobs are assigned to an individual best suited to perform it. Ignorance of organizational objectives: Each departmental head works according to his own wishes. PDF NCERT Class 12 Biology Human Health and Disease To download sample paper for class 12 Chemistry, Physics, Biology, History, Political Science, Economics, Geography, Computer Science, Home Science, Accountancy, Business Studies, and Home Science; do check myCBSEguide app or website. This fluid is rich in enzymes, proteins, vitamin C, fructose, prostaglandins, and phosphorylcholine. To expand size of the market 3. Spermatogenesis: The spermatogenesis process starts at puberty and proceeds as follows: First of all, the spermatogonia multiply by mitosis to increase in number. Even if you wish to have an overview of a chapter, quick revision notes are here to do if for you. (vi) When this DNA is transferred into E. coli, it could replicate using the new hosts DNA polymerase enzyme and make multiple copies. The marketing manager delegates this task to deputy sales manager, who fails to achieve the target. These crystals contain a toxic insecticidal protein. You must also note that this revision material comes entirely free of cost, but is undoubtedly beneficial for preparation before CBSE board exams. A check of inflation. The scrotum is located behind the penis and is considered a part of the external male genitalia. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes, Organisms and Populations, Biodiversity and Conservation, Biotechnology and its Applications, Ecosystem, and Environmental Issues. They produce the female gamete generally called ovum and also produce ovarian hormones. In this process, the blood and mucosal tissue are regularly discharged in a periodic manner. At this stage, a few million gamete mother cells or oogonia are formed in the fetal ovary. (f) These sticky ends are complementary to each other when cut by same restriction enzyme, therefore can be joined together (end-to-end) using DNA ligases. The accessory ducts facilitate the transportation of the sperms from the testes to the urethra for their release outside the body. Departmentalization: Grouping similar and related jobs into larger units called departments, divisions or sections and placing them under a department head. The endometrium is required for the implantation of the fertilized ovum and other events of pregnancy. Retrovirus, adenovirus, papillomavirus are also now used as cloning vectors in animals because of their ability to transform normal cells into cancerous cells. This is the thin external membranous layer that protects the uterus from friction. Responsibility: It is the obligation of a subordinate to properly perform the assigned duty. Vas Deferens: Vas deferens is a muscular duct that ascends into the abdominal cavity and makes a loop over the urinary bladder. Deliberately planned and created by management. Class 12 Business Studies notes on chapter 5 Organizing are also available for download in CBSE Guide website. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically What will be proper advice after medical checkup? Also write two functions of placenta. (vi) Pest resistant plants are developed by using biotechnological processes. 2. The NCERT Class 12 textbook for Biology in Hindi is always updated with the latest syllabus prescribed by the CBSE Board along with the latest samples, questions, and chapter content. The secretion of estrogens by the growing follicles is also stimulated by this increased level of LH and FSH. Epididymis: It is a long, coiled tube that connects a testicle to a vas deferens. This helps in coordination. This ensures that only one sperm can fertilize a single ovum. Production of vaccines through genetic engineering such vaccines are called recombinant vaccines also called subunit vaccines or second generation vaccines, e.g hepatitis-B. (ii) To create optimal conditions through engineering for a catalyst to act. Fertilization: It is the fusion of the haploid male gamete or sperm and the haploid female gamete or egg. They are present inside the inner wall of seminiferous tubules where they multiply by mitotic division. In such an organization very little authority is delegated to managers at middle and lower levels. All notes are available with detailed explanations of all important topics. 4. Molecular diagnosis helps to solve the problem of early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Employee development: Employees get more opportunities to utilize their talent which allows them to develop those skills which will enable them to perform complex tasks. Biotechnology (b) DNA vaccines use of genetically engineered DNA to be injected as vaccine to produce an immunological response. The Epididymis is sited on the backside of each testicle. (d) Vectors for cloning genes in plants and animals are many which are used to clone genes in plants and animals. The smaller the fragment size, the farther it moves. The high fructose content gives nutrient energy to the spermatozoa. (c) Cosmids Hybrid vectors derived from plasmids which contain cos site of X phage. (ii) Selectable marker helps in identifying and eliminating non-transformants and selectively permitting the growth of the transformants. The motile male gamete or sperm swims rapidly through the cervix, enters into the uterus, and finally reaches the site of fertilization which is in the ampullary region of the fallopian tube. The actual age for menarche generally differs from person to person. Economic reforms were adopted by Indian Govt. They help in the collection of the ovum after ovulation. It is the result of policy decisions taken by top management. (vi) If an alien piece of DNA is linked with bacteriophage or plasmid DNA, its number can be multiplied equal to the copy number of the plasmid or bacteriophage. Like spermatogenesis, a comprehensive discussion about oogenesis is also provided along with a schematic representation of both the processes. 5. . The sequence is also responsible for controlling the copy number of the linked DNA. This division is an unequal division that forms a large secondary oocyte and a tiny first polar body. Vedantus CBSE Revision Note for Class 12 Physics, Maths, Biology, Chemistry and other subjects have been developed in accordance with the latest CBSE guidelines and exam patterns. Neglect of agriculture. The prostate gland is a dense structure that is placed just inferior to the urinary bladder. Fall in foreign exchange reserve : as imports grew faster than exports 2. All the reading materials at Vedantu are curated by subject-matter experts who have years of experience in the respective field. More freedom of action due to less control by the top management. As these cells are not immortal, the patient requires periodic infusion of such genetically engineered lymphocytes. They are connected to the pelvic wall and uterus with the help of ligaments. (1) Large organizations producing one line of product. Chapter 13: Organisms and Populations. It is often torn during the first intercourse or coitus or it can also be broken by participation in some sports like horseback riding, cycling, apart from this a sudden fall or jolt, insertion of a vaginal tampon is also the reason for the broken hymen. (v) Restriction enzymes belong to a class of enzymes called nucleases. The aim of organizing is to enable people to work together for a common purpose. chain-A and B, linked together by disulphide bridges. There are four main parts in the male reproductive system: Situated in the pelvic region outside the abdominal cavity within a pouch called a scrotum. This helps in preventing confusion and minimizing the wastage of resources and efforts. They contain 46 chromosomes in each cell. The toxin is coded by a gene named cry, e.g. (iv) Genetic modification in plants have lead to following: These spermatogonia are diploid in nature and called the immature germ cells and they form the sperm by the process of meiosis. The NCERT Class 12 textbook for Biology in Hindi is designed and framed by the subject experts who are part of the NCERT team. 4. The testes are sited outside the abdominal cavity to maintaining the low temperature of the testes nearly 2-2.5C lower than the average human body temperature. (d) Efficiency of mineral usage increased in plants (preventing loss of soil fertility). The average age of menopause is between 45-50 years and it varies from person to person. Accountability: When a superior assigns some work to a subordinate, he is answerable to his superior for its success or failure. 2. 3. Increase in foreign exchange reserves. It implies reservation of some authority with the top level management and transferring rest of the authority to the lower levels of the organization. 3. Job = a set of related tasks that can be performed by an individual. This is the inner glandular layer that lines the uterine cavity. 5. 5. (b) Bacteriophages Viruses infecting bacteria. Biotechnology: Principles and Processes - CBSE Notes The zygote is divided by the mitotic division which starts as it moves along the isthmus of the oviduct towards the uterus and forms 2, 4, 8, and 16 daughter cells known as blastomeres. Therefore, the NCERT Class 12 textbook for Biology in Hindi becomes a really important textbook for CBSE board exams and competitive medical entrance exams as well. Chapter 15: Biodiversity and Conservation. 6. (i) Two enzymes from E. coli that were responsible for restricting the growth of bacteriophage were isolated in 1963, one of them added methyl group to DNA and the other cut DNA into segments. This Graafian follicle now ruptures and releases the secondary oocyte or ovum from the ovary. Urethra: Urethra is a thin muscular tube that originates from the urinary bladder and then passes through the penis to its external opening known as the urethral meatus. 2. Liberalisation Liberalisation means removing all unnecessary control and restrictions like permits licences, protectionist duties quotas etc. (c) Cloning sites are required to link the alien DNA with the vector. They are haploid in nature and arise from the primary spermatocytes as a result of meiosis I. These ducts make a pathway to transport the sperm from the rete testis to the epididymis which is placed in the posterior surface of each testis. The secretion of LH and FSH gonadotropins increases gradually in this phase to stimulate follicular development. Prostate Gland: The prostate gland is a dense structure that is placed just inferior to the urinary bladder. 3. Morula: The embryo with 8-16 blastomeres is known as a morula. How can I download reading material from Vedantu? The blastomeres are arranged into two layers. CBSE guide notes are the comprehensive notes which covers the latest syllabus of CBSE and NCERT. 3. It is introduced during the embryonic development stage. 4. 5. Interstitial spaces are the region that presents outside the seminiferous tubule that contains the small blood vessels, Leydig cells, and some immunocompetent cells. The primary oocyte increases in size and completes its first meiotic division. (a) Restriction enzymes cut the strand of DNA a little away from the centre of the palindrome sites, but between the same two bases on the opposite strands. The authority granted to a subordinate can be taken back and re-delegated to another person. * Selection of recombinants due to inactivation of antibiotics is a cumbersome procedure, so alternative selectable markers are developed which differentiate recombinants from non-recombinants on the basis of their ability to produce colour in the presence of a chromogenic substrate. 5 GAATTC 3 The Span of management to a large extent gives shape to the organization structure. Thus, the main challenge for the production of insulin using rDNA techniques was getting insulin assembled into a mature form. These are the Economic Reform Since 1991 class 12 Notes Economics prepared by team of expert teachers. - In this method, a recombinant DNA is inserted within the coding sequence of an enzyme J3-galactosidase. Clitoris: It is a small, sensitive, finger-like projection that is present at the junction of the labia minora above the urethral opening. Biotechnology and Its Applications- CBSE Notes for Class 12 Biology NCERT Solutions Maths Physics Chemistry Biology Science Biotechnological Applications in Agriculture and Medicine: 1. 5. (v) Some of the applications of biotechnology in agriculture are the production of pest resistant plants, which decrease the amount of pesticide used. Biotechnology can be defined as the use of microorganisms, plants or animal cells or their components to produce products and processes useful to humans. 7. The structure provides a basis or framework for managers and other employers for performing their functions. At the time of fertilization, the sperm makes changes in the zona pellucida layer of the ovum to block the entry of other sperms. The applications of biotechnology include therapeutics, diagnostics, genetically modified crops for agriculture, processed food, bioremediation, waste treatment and energy production. Clarity in working relationship: It helps in creating well defined jobs and also clarifying the limits of authority and responsibility of each job. 5. 5. 3. The cells are then detected by autoradiography. Spermatids: These cells are arising from the secondary spermatocytes as a result of meiosis II. Cervical Canal: The cervical canal connects the cavity of the body of the uterus with the lumen of the vagina. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) helps in early detection of diseases or pathogens by the amplification of their nucleic acid. Many times it has been seen that questions asked in exams directly come from the books itself. It produces both sense and anti-sense RNA in the host cells. Either you can download it on your mobile, laptop or desktop or you can study online. It occurs in all eukaryotic organisms as a method of cellular defense. We have provided the CBSE NCERT books provided by NCERT here, till the time you are not able to buy them you can download the Class 12 ebooks from our website, Reconstitution Of A Partnership Firm Admission Of A, Notes And Questions NCERT Class 11 Business Studies Chapter, MCQs For NCERT Class 11 Chapter 3 Recording of Transactions, Accounting For Not For Profit Organisation Class 12, MCQs For NCERT Class 11 Chemistry Chapter 7 Equilibrium, Surface areas and Volumes Class 9 Mathematics Exam Questions, MCQs For NCERT for Class 11 Mathematics Chapter 11 Conic Sections, NCERT Book for Class 12 Business Studies Download PDF, NCERT Book for Class 7 Mathematics Download PDF, NCERT Book for Class 12 Geography Download PDF, NCERT Book for Class 11 Business Studies Download PDF, Respiration in Plants Class 11 Biology Exam Questions, Photosynthesis in Higher Plants Class 11 Biology Exam Questions, Cell Cycle and Cell Division Class 11 Biology Exam Questions, Biomolecules Class 11 Biology Exam Questions, Anatomy of Flowering Plants Class 11 Biology Exam Questions, Standard 12BiologyNCERT Books are based on the CBSE syllabus issued for current academic session and have been developed for all types of students.

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